The hazards of solar energy

Many groups and individuals are proposing that our government spend tax money on research and development of systems to utilize solar energy. They urge construction of vast solar energy collectors to convert sunlight to electricity to supply our energy needs. They would even put solar collectors on roofs of homes, factories, schools, and other buildings. Proponents of this technology claim that energy obtained from the sun will be safer and cleaner than coal, oil, or nuclear energy sources.

We view these proposals with alarm. Unscrupulous scientists and greedy promoters are hoodwinking a gullible public. We consider it rash and
dangerous to commit our country to the use of solar energy. This solar technology has never been utilized on such a large scale, and we have no
assurance of its long-range safety. Not one single study has been done to assess the safety of electricity from solar energy as compared to electricity
from other sources.

The promoters of solar energy cleverly lead you to believe that it is perfectly safe. Yet they conveniently neglect to mention that solar energy is
generated by nuclear fusion within the sun. This process operates on the very same basic laws of nuclear physics used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs!

And what is the source of this energy? It is hydrogen, a highly explosive gas (remember the Hindenberg?) Hydrogen is also the active material in H-bombs, which are not only tremendously destructive, but produce dangerous fallout. The glib advocates of solar energy don’t even mention these disturbing facts about the true sources of solar energy. What else are they trying to hide
from us?

In addition to the known dangers cited above, what about the unknown dangers, which very well might be worse? When pressed, scientists will admit that they do not fully understand the workings of the sun, or even of the atom. They will even grudgingly admit that our knowledge of the basic laws of physics is not yet perfect or complete. Yet these same reckless scientists would have us use this solar technology even before we fully understand how it works.

Admittedly we are already subject to a natural `background’ radiation from the sun. We can do little about that, except to stay out of direct sunlight
as much as possible. The evidence is already clear that too much exposure to sunlight can cause skin cancer. But solar collectors would concentrate that sunlight (which otherwise would have fallen harmlessly on waste land), convert it to electricity and pipe it into our homes to irradiate us from
every light bulb! We would then not even be safe from this cancer-producing energy even in our own homes!

We all know that looking at the sun for even a few seconds can cause blindness. What long term health hazards might result from reading by light
derived from solar energy? Will we develop cataracts, or slowly go blind? Not one medical study has yet addressed itself to this question, and none are
planned.

In their blind zeal to plug us in to solar energy, scientists seem to totally ignore possible fire hazards of solar energy. Sunlight reaching us directly
from the sun at naturally safe levels poses little fire threat. But all one has to do is concentrate sunlight, with a simple burning- glass, and it
readily ignites combustible materials. Who would feel safe with solar energy concentrators on their roof? Could we afford the fire insurance rates?

These scientists, and the big corporations which employ them, stand to profit greatly from construction of solar-power stations.
No wonder they try to hide the dangers of the technology and suppress any open discussion of them.

Proponents of solar energy present facts, figures and graphs to support their claim that energy from the sun will be less expensive, as conventional fuel supplies dwindle and technology of solar energy systems improves. But even if this is so, what will stop the solar energy equipment manufacturers and solar power companies from raising prices when they achieve a monopoly and other fuel sources disappear?

Of course every technology has risks. We might be willing to tolerate some small risk–if solar energy really represented a permanent solution to our
energy problems. But that is not the case. At best, solar energy is only a temporary band-aid. Recent calculations indicate that the “Sun Will Go Out in
a Billion Years As Its Fuel Runs Out” (Source: newspaper headline) As that calculation was made a year ago, we now have only nine-hundred ninety-nine
million, nine-hundred ninety-nine thousand, nine-hundred and ninety-nine years left during which we could use solar energy. Wouldn’t it be better to
put our human resources and scientific brains to work to find a safer and more permanent solution to our energy needs?

Solar Energy In Mexico Training Workshop

The Renewable Energy Training Institute (RETI), with support from the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA), the Organizacion Latino-Americana de Energia (OLADE), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE), and the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE-Mexico), is conducting a two day workshop on solar energy technologies in Mexico.

The Solar Energy In Mexico Workshop will be held Janaury 25-27, 1995 during the ENERCON 1995 Conference and Exhibition in Mexico City, Mexico
and in conjunction with MEXCOMM 95, a telecommunications conference and exhibition.  The RETI Mexico Workshop will discuss opportunities for
solar thermal and photovoltaic technologies in the utility power and industrial or commercial process sectors in Mexico.  Solar energy experts
from Mexico and the United States will present authoritative analyses of utility and industrial sector solar energy projects and programs in the
U.S. and Mexico.  The RETI Mexico Workshop will also examine the tools and techniques needed to ensure successful technology deployment, utility
integration, and business development.

Consumers Aided in Search for Solar Energy

The Colorado Consumer’s Guide to Buying a Solar Electric System provides basic information about the who, what and why of financing, purchasing and installing photovoltaic (solar electric) systems in Colorado. It also includes information about financial incentives such as the Solar Rebate Program, tax credits for businesses and net metering. Net metering means that extra electricity produced by a photovoltaic system is sold back to the utility at the same rate as power is purchased from the utility. “People need easy to follow guidelines for purchasing and installing solar energy systems, and this new booklet answers that need,” said NREL engineer John Thornton, who helped write the booklet.

The Borrower’s Guide to Financing Solar Energy Systems provides information for lenders and consumers about nationwide financing programs for photovoltaic systems and solar thermal systems, which heat indoor air and water. In addition to traditional sources for home mortgage funds, several government organizations offer programs for financing solar energy systems and energy efficiency improvements.

The guide’s glossary includes information about energy saving performance contracts through which energy service companies absorb the cost of more efficient energy systems in exchange for a share of the savings. It also describes energy efficient mortgages, which give special consideration to borrowers who purchase or refinance homes that are or will be energy efficient.

Atlantic City UA sells solar energy credits for $32,000

ACUA sells solar energy credits for $32,000

ATLANTIC CITY — Another part of its renewable energy program is paying off for the Atlan-tic County Utilities Authority. The ACUA reported the first sale of solar renewable energy credits for about $32,000. Those credits are part of an incentive program for companies to use more renewable energy, such as wind or solar power.

The state issues the ACUA one credit for every 1,000 kilowatts generated by its solar energy field. That field generated 135,000 kilowatts of power, or 135 credits. In this sale, the credits were bought by PSE&G Resources & Trade LLC. Each of the credits sold for $237.65.

Companies such as PSE&G can buy the credits rather than build their own solar fields to help meet their renewable-energy requirements, said ACUA Controller Katie Vesey. Vesey said that, in New Jersey, credits linked with solar energy carry the most value because the state is specifically pushing solar energy as a renewable energy source. The other benefit is that, without the credits and other associated state rebates, solar renewable energy
would be too expensive to produce, she said.

“The rebate provided by the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities supporting the construction of this project and the revenue derived from the sale of (the credits) makes this solar project favorable from a financial standpoint,” said ACUA President Rick Dovey. The ACUA’s solar energy system at the treatment plant consists of two ground-mounted solar arrays, two roof-mounted solar arrays and one canopy array. The solar panel installation was completed in May.

ACUA officials estimate they’ll wind up with more than 600 credits for the “energy year” that began June 1 and will run through May 31, 2007. The solar energy system is one of several renewable energy products run by the ACUA. Also in May, ACUA officials said power generated by the five wind turbines at the treatment plant here helped the ACUA save almost $168,000 in energy costs during the first four months of the year.

The wind turbines generated on average almost 70 percent of the plant’s energy electricity during that time, according to ACUA figures. The ACUA estimated it would save at least $367,000 annually on electric costs once the wind farm was operational.

Renewable energy crumb laced with poison

As leader of the Democrats, Senator Meg Lees negotiated the passage of the GST legislation with John Howard in 1999. She is standing for re-election in South Australia at the election for the ‘Progressive Alliance”.
This energy announcement and the diesel measures within bring us back to 1999 negotiations on the New Tax Package.

Then we were able to reduce the planned diesel bonus by $714 million and to include an environment package worth $376 million that covered fuel emission standards, gas conversions, renewable energies grants, green power, greenhouse gas emissions abatement, incentives for rail and gas vehicles.

At that time regional Australian relied heavily on diesel fired trucks for transport and for remote power generation. There were virtually no subsidies for any other fuels but diesel.

The aim of the negotiations with the government in 1999 was to encourage a shift to non fossil fuels to clean up diesel and petrol. The key aim of the abolition of the Diesel Fuel Rebate Scheme and its replacement with the Energy Credit scheme was to encourage use of other fuels – not just diesel.

Issues such as support for remote power generation were addressed through support for gas and/or solar and/or wind energy.

These reforms gave birth to lots of small renewable energy firms, particularly across regional Australia. They now provide the energy infrastructure for remote areas. It is an industry that has grown up since 1999 and has the potential for much more growth.

The 1999 changes to the Governments energy priorities were designed to take us into the 21st century. The new vision was for a smarter, and more innovative Australia through promoting clean renewable energy as an alternative to fossil fuels.

In today’s energy package the government claims that it is providing a balance between clean and dirty energies. Between the old and the new. That is plain rubbish. The scales are tipped significantly in favour of fossil fuel. The government has given the cake to the fossil fuel industry and the crumbs to the renewable energy industry. And even those crumbs are at risk.

Not only is the ‘clean’ package far from adequate, with an increase in the MRET missing, we find vastly increased support for diesel and petrol use.

The government proposes to extend an off-road excise rebate for diesel to those industries which were previously denied it, including forestry, manufacturing and construction. Primary producers will receive a benefit for their off road business use of petrol in their utility vehicles and 4 wheel motorcycles.

There is little point in providing support for research and development into renewable energies if these renewable options are priced out of use by the availability of cheap fossil fuels.

So while parts of the package that support the development of solar energy and support research into the storage of renewable energies are positive, the diesel part of the package undermines these measures.

The changes to the fuel excise system will have far reaching ramifications for Australia’s renewable energy industry if they are implemented – particularly the growing remote power generation industry – the traditional market for solar energy in Australia.

Making polluting fossil fuels excise free for stationary energy applications in regional Australia such as heating, electricity, generation and industrial applications reduces the cost of it by around 40 percent and works to make clean renewable energy systems uncompetitive.

Australia was generally recognised as a world leader in PV a number of years ago, largely driven by the extensive rollout of solar energy in remote area power supply – reliably meeting the power needs of our regional and remote communities. This has been Australia’s traditional market for solar energy.

Mr. Howard’s energy statement now undermines this industry sector, and this sector will face collapse if these measures are implemented. This puts at risk the livelihoods of around 300 renewable energy businesses and their families that are active in this market.

This not only results in an increase in greenhouse gas emissions but also reduces investment in regional and rural communities – the same communities who face the brunt of climate change.

The tragedy in this announcement is that Australia’s remote power generation sector has been a world leader with a number of businesses actively supplying renewable energy systems to developing countries. This is now jeopardised.

This is another example of the Howard government failing the renewable energy industry and small emerging businesses.

The Solar Cooking Archive

Food is easily and conveniently cooked with solar energy as the “fuel” in devices called solar cookers. Solar cookers are an ideal addition
to any kitchen wherever there are predictable hours of sun many days of the year. Solar cooking and baking are easy. Solar cookers are safe around children and provide a great way to learn about and use solar energy. Solar cookers are clean, convenient, non-polluting and easy on the environment. And, for millions of people living in arid, fuel-scarce regions of the world, solar cookers can literally save
lives.
Solar Cookers International (SCI) spreads solar cooking awareness and skills worldwide, particularly in areas with plentiful sunshine and diminishing sources of cooking fuel. SCI has enabled 30,000 families in Africa to cook with the sun’s energy, freeing women and children from the burdens of gathering wood and carrying it for miles. Tens of thousands of individuals and organizations — from all over the world —
have learned about solar cooking through SCI’s excellent publications and educational materials, and have benefited from SCI’s information exchange networks, research, technical support, and the SCI-sponsored Solar Cooking Archive, the internationally recognized Internet resource for solar cooking information.

SCI’s nonprofit, tax-deductible work is supported by generous individuals, private foundations, and sales of solar cookers and supplies. If you are a current member of Solar Cookers International, we thank you. If you are learning about solar cooking for the first time, please explore the possibilities and join us in teaching the world that with sunshine, cooking is free and easy.

Solar energy Technology

Solar energy is utterly incapable of powering the sort of heavy industry that our economy relies upon.  This is yet another one of those statements which is true and meaningless. Solar energy certainly isn’t capable of powering industry directly, and central generation of electricity by solar means is not all that practical. However, solar energy can power a lot of things on which centrally generated power is wasted, such as water heating and home heating and cooling.

I never said that solar energy is useless.  As you pointed out, it can be quite useful as a supplemental source of power for small-scale applications.  However, many people seem to think that solar energy can provide all the power needed for everything we do, and that if we just built enough solar collectors, we could abolish all other forms of energy generation.  That simply isn’t true.

Unfortunately, we seem to be overcome with this welfare state mentality, where we assume somebody else has got to do all the work and sell it to us by the gallon or kilowatt hour.It doesn’t have to be done that way, but it’s more efficient and safer. James Hogan puts it this way:

Decentralizing by putting solar panels on everybody’s roofs wouldn’t reduce the cost or the amount of materials used, either, but simply spread them out more thinly.  In fact, it would require more, for the same reason that McDonald’s uses less oil to cook two tons of french fries than eight thousand housewives who fry half a pound each.  The [power] storage problem wouldn’t go away, either, but would become each household’s own responsibility.  In a battery just big enough to start a car, gases can accumulate that one spark can cause to explode, sometimes with lethal consequences, as some unfortunates have discovered when using jumper leads carelessly.  Imagine the hazard that a basement full of batteries the size of grand pianos would present, which a genuinely all-solar home would need to get through a bad spell in, say, Minnesota in January.  Who would do the maintenance and keep the acid levels topped up?  And there would be the problem of keeping the panels free from snow and wet leaves–not in the summer months, but when the roofs are slippery and frozen.  Even today, the second biggest cause of accidental deaths in the country [U.S.], after automobiles, is falls. If we build all those houses with skating rinks on the roofs and bombs in the basements, we’d better build a lot more hospitals and emergency rooms, too, while we’re at it.

Solar energy is useful–no doubt about it.  But it’s not a magic solution to all our energy problems.

TED TURNER JOINS SOLAR ENERGY MARKET

‘Our future depends on changing the way we use energy,’ Turner said. ‘We`ve got to move away from fossil fuels and develop long-term energy solutions that work. Using clean energy technologies, such as solar power, is the right thing to do, and it represents a tremendous business
opportunity.’

Turner will join forces with Dome-Tech Solar, in Branchburg, N.J., to create DT Solar.

‘Our core goal is to reduce our customer`s energy bills and provide them a high return investment. We do all this while improving their operations and reducing their impact on the environment,’ Dome-Tech, which also includes Dome-Tech Commissioning Services, Dome-Tech Field Engineering, Dome-
Tech Energy Advisors, FM3 Group and Dome-Tech Energy Solutions, said in its mission statement.

According to a company release, DT Solar will concentrate on the United States` largest solar energy market, California.

The state offers comprehensive tax incentives and enthusiastic support from Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger, who last year introduced the Million Solar Roofs initiative there.

California businesses to get help installing solar

Mid-size commercial buildings in California now have a resource to help with the upfront cost of installing a solar energy system.

Solar Power Partners, ‘a developer, owner and operator of a distributed network of commercial solar energy facilities,’ according to Renewable Energy Access, launched SPP LLC1, a power purchase agreement program.

‘The (power purchase agreement) ensures energy rates remain lower than the local utility and insulates the user from volatile energy prices over the term of the agreement. The maintenance and operating costs are covered while building owners pay only for the electricity that is consumed,’ the
news outlet reported.

The high upfront cost of installing a solar energy system is what prohibits many commercial and residential customers from making the switch.

Tax incentive plans and rebate programs in about a dozen states ensure that customers will see a return on their investment within five to 10 years. President George W. Bush`s Solar America Initiative also includes federally- funded incentives to go solar.

Suntech Power reports progress on new technology

Suntech Power, based in Wuxi, China, announced its ‘semiconductor finger’ technology has reached 18 percent efficiency and the commercial adaptation of the project is progressing on schedule.

The technology, ‘co-developed and owned together with the University of New South Wales in Australia, overcomes the major limitation of the traditional screen printing process that is the industry standard,’ according to the industry publication, Solarbuzz.

‘Heavily doped semiconductor strips are built into the (photovoltaic) cell surface which more efficiently collects the generated electrical charge without requiring the surface dead layer found in conventional screen printed cells. This technology also potentially enables the company to reduce the number of traditional lines of metal contact strips on the top surface of the PV cell thereby reducing shading from the sun to enable the PV cell to generate even
greater watts of electricity,’ Solarbuzz said.

‘We are very pleased with our semiconductor finger technology which has increased the average conversion efficiencies of our best monocrystalline PV cells to 18 percent — well above the industry average of 14 percent to 15 percent. At the same time, we have maintained the lowest cost production base relative to our peers,’ Suntech Chairman and CEO Zhengrong Shi said via a statement.

Spanish company signs Algerian agreement

Spanish solar firm Abener last week signed a contract for a solar thermal electric-combined cycle hybrid plant in the Sahara Desert country of Algeria, which will produce 25 megawatts of electricity using a 1,937,503 square-foot field of parabolic collectors.

Abener will operate the plant for 25 years.

Algeria, located on the north coast of Africa, launched an incentive plan for producing solar thermal energy in March 2004, making it the first country outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to do so.

‘This way, in 2010 they will cover 5 percent of their electric production with (renewable) sources and aiming to become, to a larger extent, one of the suppliers of green energy to Europe by means of several projects of submarine electric interconnection that are now under consideration,’
according to Solarbuzz.

‘It is worthy to point out that the exploitation of the 1 percent of the Sahara surface with solar thermal electric plants could provide the whole planet with electric energy,’ the publication continued.

Post-petroleum World?

Of course is takes energy to cast metal parts, wind stator coils, etc, but in the absence of major storms it should last many years, long enough to more than repay its production energy.

I’ve been a) using the assumption without much comment, and b) assuming that it’s actually an overgeneralization.  That is, some specific case or case model (maybe even an “average” or “normal” case in some sense, ie, not clever choice of case to make the point) can be shown to be a net
energy loss, and this has been generalized more than it should be. Same for biofuels.

But even with (b) above, (a) is reasonable, because even if it can be made to pay (and I think it can even if it isn’t currently) it’s less viable than other ways.  Rather like, I wouldn’t push hydroelectric power as a total solution, even though you more than break even.

Modelling Atmospheric Solar Energy Absorption

An atmospheric general circulation model , which assimilates data from daily observations of temperature, humidity, wind, and sea-level air pressure, was compared with a set of observations that combines satellite and ground-based measurements of solar flux. The comparison reveals that the model underestimates by 25-30 watts per square meter the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. Contrary to some recent reports, Clouds have little or no overall effect on atmospheic absorption, a consistent feature of both the observations and the model. Of several variables considered, water vapor appears to be the dominant influence on atmospheric absorption.

The introduction appears to offer a good, concise insight into the current perception about the disposition of solar energy within Earth’s climate system.

1. The top of the atmosphere global average solar incident energy is 342 W m^-2
2. Approximately 30% ( 102 W m^-2 ) is reflected back to space, and the remaining 240 W m^-2 is absorbed by the atmosphere and surface.
3. Comparison of a Global Circulation Model with observations at 720 surface sites showed that the model overestimates by 10 – 15 W m^-2
   the global average solar flux absorbed by the surface.
4. Another comparision of four other models with observations at 93 surface sites also showed surface overestimates of 9 – 18 W m^-2
5. The global mean solar flux absorbed in the atmosphere in four GCMs ranges from 56 – 68 W m^-2, which are considerably smaller than
   98 W m^-2 derived empirically from surface observations at ~1000 sites.
6. Satellite-based estimates of surface flux ( using radiative transfer codes to describe atmospheric absorption ) range between 65 – 83 W m^-2, and the higher figure has been validated against surface observations. The use of such codes is really modelling, so comparing those results with the above GCM results would effectively    be just a comparison of models.
7. Clouds have been suggested as contributing 25 W m^-2 additional absorption that is not accounted for in the models, however such a
   strong absorbance by clouds is inconsistent with the observed reflectance of clouds.

Having laid the foundation, the author then goes on to describe in boring detail how he selected the observational data sets, the spatial
grid points over the globe ( unevenly, with 8 in southern hemisphere and 23 points between the equator and 30 degrees north, hence the
observations are weighted towards northern temperate continents ). The observations were compared to the output from the GEOS-1 model,
and, without filters, the model underestimated the absorbed solar flux in the atmosphere by 25 – 30 W m^-2, when compared to observations.

To ascertain the effect of clouds, two independent measurements of cloud fraction were then also incorporated, and the resulst showed that the
25 – 30 W m^-2 discrepancy was independant of either measure of cloud cover. Whilst checking for undesirable correlations hidden in the
dataset, additional variables that might affect atmospheric absorption were also evaluated. It was found that the treatment of total column
water vapour in the model could explain much of the discrepancy between model and observations, as the discrepancy increased with increasing
water vapour.

Provided the above difference is real ( and the author acknowledges it could still be an artifact of the dataset selected ), it is possible
that the additional energy absorbed in the atmosphere would result in less evaporation from the surface and correspondingly less
precipitation. The modelling of energy transfers from the tropics could perhaps be affected in both atmospheric and ocean circulation models
by the difference.